Duncan Grant NEAC (1885-1978) was a Scottish painter and designer of textiles, pottery, theatre sets, and costumes. He was a member of the Bloomsbury Group, the Camden Group, and the New English Art Club.

Early Life and Childhood

Grant was born on 21 January 1885, to Major Bartle Grant and Ethel Isabel McNeil in Rothiemurchus, Aviemore, Scotland. Between 1887 and 1894, the family lived in India and Burma, returning to Scotland every two years.

 

During this period, Grant was educated by his governess, Alice Bates. Along with Rupert Brooke, Grant attended Hillbrow School, Rugby, 1894-99, where he received lessons from an art teacher and became interested in Japanese prints. Grant spent his school holidays at Hogarth House, Chiswick, with his grandmother, Lady Grant. He attended St Paul's School, London (as a boarder for two terms), 1899-1901, where he was awarded several art prizes.

 

Art education and European influence

From about 1899/1900 to 1906, Grant lived with his aunt and uncle, Sir Richard and Lady Strachey and their children. When Grant was younger, he accompanied Lady Strachey to "picture Sunday" which gave him the opportunity to meet with eminent painters.

 

Lady Strachey was able to persuade Grant's parents that he should be allowed to pursue an education in art. In 1902 Grant was enrolled by his aunt at Westminster School of Art; he attended for the next three years. While at Westminster, Grant was encouraged in his studies by Simon Bussy, a French painter and lifelong friend of Matisse, who went on to marry Dorothy Strachey.

 

In the winter of 1904-5, Grant visited Italy where, commissioned by Harry Strachey, he made copies of part of the Masaccio frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence. Grant also made a study of the Portrait of Federigo da Montefeltro, one half of the diptych by Piero della Francesca in the Uffizi and was greatly impressed by the frescoes of Piero in the Basilica of San Francesco, Arezzo. On his return, at the advice of Simon Bussy, Grant made a copy of the Angel musicians in Piero's Nativity in the National Gallery, London.

 

Grant was introduced to Vanessa Bell (sister of Virginia Woolf) by Pippa Strachey at the Friday Club in the autumn of 1905. From 1906, thanks to a gift of £100 from an aunt, Grant spent a year in Paris studying at the Académie de La Palette, Jacques-Émile Blanche's school. During this time, he visited the Musée du Luxembourg and saw, among other paintings, the Caillebotte bequest of French Impressionists.

 

In January 1907, and again in the summer of 1908, Grant spent a term at the Slade School of Art. In 1908 Grant painted a portrait of John Maynard Keynes, whom he had met the previous year, while the two were on holiday in Orkney. A year later, the pair would share rooms on Belgrave Road.

 

In 1909, he visited Michael and Gertrude Stein in Paris and saw their collection which included paintings by, among others, Picasso and Matisse. In the summer, with an introduction from Simon Bussy, Grant visited Matisse himself, then living at Clamart, Paris.

 

Duncan Grant in London

In November 1909, Grant moved to 21 Fitzroy Square, where he occupied two rooms on the second floor of the building on the west side of the square. A few doors away, at 29 Fitzroy Square, lived Adrian and Virginia Stephen (later Virginia Woolf). Grant would later recall: 'a close friendship sprang up between Adrian Stephen and myself and I had only to tap on the window to be let in. The maid told Virginia "that Mr Grant gets in everywhere". But very irregular as my visits were, they became more and more a habit, and I think they soon became frequent enough to escape notice.'

 

In June 1910 Grant exhibited with the Friday Club at the Alpine Club Gallery. Later that year Grant would visit Roger Fry's Manet and the Post-Impressionists exhibition at the Grafton Galleries in Mayfair, which included work by the likes of Gauguin, Matisse and Van Gogh, where he was said to be particularly interested in the paintings of Paul Cézanne.

 

During the summer of 1911, Grant was invited by Roger Fry to contribute to the redecoration of the dining room at the Borough Polytechnic (now London South Bank University). Grant composed two oil paintings to fit with the theme of illustrating London on Holiday.

 

Both his paintings, Football and Bathing, bear the influence of early Italian art and Byzantine mosaics. Grant also drew on his exposure to the work of the post-impressionists; The Times reported of his depiction of the figures that 'Mr Grant has used all his remarkable powers of draughtsmanship to represent the act of swimming rather than any individual swimmers.'

 

Career in Art

Grant is best known for his painting style, which developed in the wake of French post-impressionist exhibitions mounted in London in 1910. He often worked with, and was influenced by, another member of the group - art critic and artist Roger Fry. As well as painting landscapes and portraits, Fry designed textiles and ceramics.

 

After Fry founded the Omega Workshops in 1913, Grant became co-director with Vanessa Bell, who was then involved with Fry.

 

Between 1932 and 1934 Grant and Bell created the 50-piece Famous Women Dinner Service at Charleston, commissioned by the art historian and museum director Kenneth Clark.

 

In 1935, Grant was selected along with nearly 30 other prominent British artists of the day to provide works of art for the RMS Queen Mary then being built in Scotland. Grant was commissioned to provide paintings and fabrics for the first-class Main Lounge. In early 1936, after his work was installed in the Lounge, directors from the Cunard Line made a walk-through inspection of the ship. When they saw what Grant had created, they immediately rejected his works and ordered it removed.

 

During World War Two, Grant received a short-term commission from the War Artists' Advisory Committee for two paintings, the most notable of which is an image of St Paul's Cathedral during the 1941 London Blitz as seen from the basement of a nearby bombed building.

 

In the late 1950s Grant was commissioned to decorate the Russell Chantry of Lincoln Cathedral. Grant modelled the figure of Christ in these murals on his lover Paul Roche. The Cathedral authorities closed the Chantry in the 1960s and it was used as a storeroom for many years. Grants' murals were eventually restored and the space reopened to the public in the 1990s.

 

Personal Life and Relationships

Grant's early affairs were exclusively gay relationships. His lovers included his cousin, the writer Lytton Strachey, the future politician Arthur Hobhouse and the economist John Maynard Keynes, who at one time considered Grant the love of his life because of his good looks and the originality of his mind.

 

Through Strachey, Grant became involved in the Bloomsbury Group, where he made many such great friends including Vanessa Bell with whom he would eventually live. Though she was a married woman, she fell deeply in love with him and, one night, succeeded in seducing him. Bell very much wanted a child by Grant and she became pregnant in the spring of 1918. Although it is generally assumed that Grant's sexual relations with Bell ended in the months before Angelica was born (Christmas, 1918), they continued to live together for more than 40 years. During that time, their relationship was mainly domestic and creative; they often painted in the same studio together, praising and critiquing each other's work.

 

Angelica grew up believing that Vanessa's husband Clive Bell was her biological father; she bore his surname and his behaviour toward her never indicated otherwise. Duncan Grant and Vanessa Bell had formed an open relationship, although she herself apparently never had any further affairs. Duncan Grant, in contrast, had several serious relationships with other men, most notably David Garnett, who would one day marry Angelica and have four daughters with her, including Amaryllis Garnett. Grant's love and respect for Bell, however, kept him with her until her death in 1961.

 

Later years

In Grant's later years, his lover, the poet Paul Roche (1916-2007), whom he had known since 1946, took care of him and enabled Grant to maintain his accustomed way of life at Charleston for many years. Grant and Roche's relationship was strong and lasted even during Roche's marriage and five children he had by the late 1950s. Roche was made co-heir of Grant's estate. Grant eventually died in Roche's home in 1978.

Duncan Grant's remains are buried beside Vanessa Bell's in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, West Firle, East Sussex.

 

In 2015, he was portrayed by James Norton and Rupert Penry-Jones in the BBC drama 'Life in Squares' which centred on the relationship between sisters, Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf, and Vanessa's sexually complicated alliance with Duncan Grant.

 

COLLECTIONS

  • Arts Council Collection, Southbank Centre, London
  • Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK
  • Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, UK
  • British Council Collection, UK
  • Birkbeck, University of London
  • Bristol Museum & Art Gallery , UK
  • Buxton Museum & Art Gallery, UK
  • Burgh House and Hampstead Museum, London
  • Cardiff University, Wales, UK
  • Cartwright Hall Art Gallery, Bradford, UK
  • Charleston House, Lewes, Sussex, England
  • Cyfarthfa Castle Museum & Art Gallery, Wales, UK
  • Edinburgh College of Art (University of Edinburgh), Scotland, Uk
  • Ferens Art Gallery, Kingston-Upon-Hull, UK
  • Glasgow Museums Resource Centre (GMRC), Scotland, UK
  • Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea, Wales, UK
  • Guildhall Art Gallery, City of London
  • Government Art Collection, UK
  • Imperial War Museum, London
  • Jerwood Collection, London

 

Selected Publications

  • Duncan Grant by Frances Spalding (2011)
  • The Art of Duncan Grant by Simon Watney (1990)

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FURTHER INFO AND IMAGES